Constipation

About Constipation

Constipation is infrequent, difficult, or incomplete bowel movements, typically defined as fewer than three per week, hard stools, or excessive straining. Most cases are functional and respond to increased fiber, fluids, physical activity, and a regular toileting routine. Medications, hypothyroidism, diabetes, pelvic-floor dysfunction, and IBS are common contributors. Over-the-counter options include osmotic agents (polyethylene glycol), stimulants, and stool softeners; prescription agents such as linaclotide, plecanatide, or prucalopride are used for chronic, refractory cases. Red flags — blood, weight loss, anemia, or new-onset constipation after age 50 — warrant colonoscopy.