Shortness of breath

New shortness of breath can be asthma, infection, anxiety, or heart-related. A provider can assess triggers and severity online — severe or sudden breathlessness needs the ER.

Also called: hard to breathe · dyspnea · trouble breathing

Medically reviewed by Dr. Ikechukwu Ogbu, MD
MD · Board-Certified, Internal Medicine · Last reviewed

Call 911 for any of these:

  • Sudden severe shortness of breath at rest
  • Blue lips or fingertips, or gasping for air
  • Chest pain, fainting, or coughing up blood
  • Rapid worsening over hours in someone with heart or lung disease

What shortness of breath could be

The most common causes a clinician considers. This isn't a diagnosis — it's the differential a provider works through with you.

Asthma

Asthma is one of the more common causes of shortness of breath. A provider can confirm with the right history, exam, or labs — and start treatment the same day when appropriate.

Anxiety

Anxiety is one of the more common causes of shortness of breath. A provider can confirm with the right history, exam, or labs — and start treatment the same day when appropriate.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is one of the more common causes of shortness of breath. A provider can confirm with the right history, exam, or labs — and start treatment the same day when appropriate.

COPD

COPD is one of the more common causes of shortness of breath. A provider can confirm with the right history, exam, or labs — and start treatment the same day when appropriate.

Typical workup

What a clinician usually orders or asks about when someone presents with shortness of breath.

  • Pulse oximetry, lung and heart exam, and peak flow when asthma is suspected
  • EKG and chest X-ray for new onset; consider BNP and D-dimer based on risk
  • Spirometry when asthma, COPD, or other chronic lung disease is on the differential

When to see a clinician

  • Symptoms have lasted more than a few days without improving, or keep coming back
  • You're not sure if this needs antibiotics, prescription treatment, or watchful waiting
  • You have a chronic condition (diabetes, heart disease, immunocompromised) that raises the stakes
  • You want a same-day plan without a trip to urgent care

Common questions